Determination of gonad reproductive state using non-lethal ultrasonography in endangered black (Haliotis cracherodii) and white abalone (H. sorenseni)

Introduction Black (H. cracherodii) and white abalone sorenseni) are federally listed as endangered species in the United States. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs; however, determination of reproductive state individual is notoriously difficult using traditional visual assessments. Ultrasonography a well-recognized technology used to assess gonad condition accurately nonlethally cultured wild fish, more recently red rufescens). Here, we implemented use ultrasound imaging monitor black abalone. Methods Repeated assessments were seasonal changes development (n=20), (n=25). Results A modified index score was developed incorporate multiple The scores ranged from one five, with an being lowest (gonad margin thinly wrapped around digestive gland or not present) five highest thick significantly compressing gland). Conclusion We show that non-lethal useful for tracking cyclical well precise selection individuals peak programs.